Muslim Scientists

Muslims Achievements   This is a partial list of some of the leading Muslims. Major Muslim contributions continued beyond the fifteenth century. Contributions of more than one hundred other major Muslim personalities can be found in several famous publications by Western historians.   Portraits under 'Science and Technology' and 'Andalusia'.
Jabir Ibn Haiyan (Geber)	Chemistry (Father of Chemistry)	Died 803 C.E.
Al-Asmai	Zoology, Botany, Animal Husbandry.	740 - 828
Al-Khwarizmi (Algorizm)	Mathematics, Astronomy, Geography. (Algorithm, Algebra, calculus)	770 - 840
'Amr ibn Bahr Al-Jahiz	Zoology, Arabic Grammar, Rhetoric, Lexicography	776 - 868
Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (Alkindus)	Philosophy, Physics, Optics, Medicine, Mathematics, Metallurgy.	800 - 873
Thabit Ibn Qurrah (Thebit)	Astronomy, Mechanics, Geometry, Anatomy.	836 - 901
'Abbas Ibn Firnas	Mechanics of Flight, Planetarium, Artificial Crystals.	Died 888
Ali Ibn Rabban Al-Tabari	Medicine, Mathematics, Caligraphy, Literature.	838 - 870
Al-Battani (Albategnius)	Astronomy, mathematics, Trigonometry.	858 - 929
Al-Farghani (Al-Fraganus)	Astronomy, Civil Engineering.	C. 860
Al-Razi (Rhazes)	Medicine, Ophthalmology, Smallpox, Chemistry, Astronomy.	864 - 930
Al-Farabi (Al-Pharabius)	Sociology, Logic, Philosophy, Political Science, Music.	870 - 950
Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masu'di	Geography, History.	Died 957
Al-Sufi (Azophi)	Astronomy	903 - 986
Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahravi (Albucasis)	Surgery, Medicine. (Father of Modern Surgery)	936 - 1013
Muhammad Al-Buzjani	Mathematics, Astronomy, Geometry, Trigonometry.	940 - 997
Abu al-Qasim Maslimah al-Majriti	Astronomy	Died 1007
Ibn Yunus	Trigonometry, Astronomy	Died 1009
Ibn Al-Haitham (Alhazen)	Physics, Optics, Mathematics.	965 - 1040
Al-Mawardi (Alboacen)	Political Science, Sociology, Jurisprudence, Ethics.	972 - 1058
Abu Raihan Al-Biruni	Astronomy, Mathematics. (Determined Earth's Circumference)	973-1048
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)	Medicine, Philosophy, Mathematics, Astronomy.	981 - 1037
Al-Zarqali (Arzachel)	Astronomy (Invented Astrolabe).	1028 - 1087
Omar Al-Khayyam	Mathematics, Poetry.	1044 - 1123
Al-Ghazali (Algazel)	Sociology, Theology, Philosophy.	1058 - 1111
Fall of Muslim Toledo (1085), Corsica and Malta (1090), Provence (1050), Sicily (1091) and Jerusalem (1099). Several Crusades. First wave of devastation of Muslim resources, lives, properties, institutions, and infrastructure over a period of one hundred years. Refer to A Chronology of Muslim History.       Translators of Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages
Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Yahya (Ibn Bajjah)	Philosophy, Medicine, Mathematics, Astronomy, Poetry, Music.	1080 - 1138
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)	Surgery, Medicine.	1091 - 1161
Al-Idrisi (Dreses)	Geography (World Map, First Globe).	1099 - 1166
Ibn Tufayl, Abdubacer	Philosophy, Medicine, Poetry.	1110 - 1185
Ibn Rushd (Averroes)	Philosophy, Law, Medicine, Astronomy, Theology.	1128 - 1198
Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius)	Astronomy	Died 1204
Second wave of devastation of Muslim resources, lives, properties, institutions, and infrastructure over a period of one hundred and twelve years. Crusader invasions (1217-1291) and Mongol invasions (1219-1329). Crusaders active throughout the Mediterranean from Jerusalem and west to Muslim Spain. Fall of Muslim Cordoba (1236), Valencia (1238) and Seville (1248). Mongols devastation from the eastern most Muslim frontier, Central and Western Asia, India, Persia to Arab heartland. Fall of Baghdad (1258) and the end of Abbasid Caliphate. Two million Muslims massacred in Baghdad. Major scientific institutions, laboratories, and infrastructure destroyed in leading Muslim centers of civilization. Refer to "A Chronology of Muslim History Parts III and IV."
Ibn Al-Baitar	Pharmacy, Botany	Died 1248
Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi	Astronomy, Non-Euclidean Geometry.	1201 - 1274
Jalal Al-Din Rumi	Sociology	1207 - 1273
Ibn Al-Nafis Damishqui	Anatomy	1213 - 1288
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi	Trigonometry, Astronomy, Physics	1236 - 1311
Al-Fida (Abdulfeda)	Astronomy, Geography, History.	1273 - 1331
Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (Ibn Battuta)	World Traveler. 75,000 mile voyage from Morocco to China and back.	1304 - 1369
Ibn Khaldun	Sociology, Philosophy of History, Political Science.	1332 - 1395
Ulugh Beg	Astronomy	1393 - 1449
Third wave of devastation of Muslim resources, lives, properties, institutions, and infrastructure. End of Muslim rule in Spain (1492). More than one million volumes of Muslim works on science, arts, philosophy and culture was burnt in the public square of Vivarrambla in Granada. Colonization began in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Refer to "A Chronology of Muslim History Parts IV (e.g., 1455, 1494, 1500, 1510, 1524, and 1538) and V"
Baha al-Din al-Amili		1540 - 1621
Two hundred years before a comparable development elsewhere, Turkish scientist Hazarfen Ahmet Celebi took off from Galata tower and flew over the Bosphorus. Fifty years later Logari Hasan Celebi, another member of the Celebi family, sent the first manned rocket into upper atmosphere, using 150 okka (about 300 pounds) of gunpowder as the firing fuel.
Tipu, Sultan of Mysore [1783-1799] in the south of India, was the innovator of the world's first war rocket. Two of his rockets, captured by the British at Srirangapatana, are displayed in the Woolwich Museum Artillery in London. The rocket motor casing was made of steel with multiple nozzles. The rocket, 50mm in diameter and 250mm long, had a range performance of 900 meters to 1.5 km.

The dates in the table are converted from the Islamic calendar (A.H.) which begins with Hejira, the migration of Prophet Muhammad (s) from Makkah to Medinah. The calendar is based on lunar monthly cycles. 1 A.H. = 622 C.E.

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